Asian Carp
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844) |
Common name: silver carp
Identification: Distinguishing
characteristics were given in Berg (1949). Keys that include this
species and photographs or illustrations are provided in several of the
more recently published state and regional fish books (e.g., Robison and
Buchanan 1988; Etnier and Starnes 1993; Pflieger 1997).
Size: 1 m and 27 kg.
Native Range: Several
major Pacific drainages in eastern Asia from the Amur River of far
eastern Russia south through much of eastern half of China to Pearl
River, possibly including northern Vietnam (Berg 1949; Li and Fang
1990).
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Alaska
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Hawaii
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Puerto Rico &Virgin Islands
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Interactive maps: Point Distribution Maps
Nonindigenous Occurrences:
This
species has been recorded from the Black Warrior and Tallapoosa river
drainages of the Mobile Basin, including Yates Reservoir and throughout
the central part of Alabama (Mettee et al. 1996; J. Hornsby and M. Pierson, personal communication; Rasmussen 1998); and from the Arkansas
and White River systems (including the the lower Cache River), the
Ouachita River, Bayou Meto Drainage, and the Mississippi River mainstem
in Arkansas (Freeze and Henderson 1982; Carter and Beadles 1983;
Courtenay et al. 1984; Robison and Buchanan 1988). It has been stocked
in water treatment ponds on the East Slope of Colorado
(D. Horak, personal communication). A specimen was collected in power
plant reservoir in Larimer Co.; plant is on Rawhide Creek; a trib of the
Cache la Poudre River (Walker, unpublished). It has been intentionally
released in Hawaii (Davidson et al. 1992). It has also been collected or reported from several water bodies in, or bordering, Illinois,
including the Mississippi, Spoon, Illinois, and Ohio rivers and several
of their tributaries, the Muddy River, Muscooten Bay, Horseshoe Lake
and vicinity in the Cache River drainage (Burr 1991; Burr et al. 1996;
Laird and Page 1996; Illinois Natural History Survey2004; Hoff, pers.
comm.; Etnier, pers. comm.; Thomas, pers. comm.; Irons, pers. comm.;
Southern Illinois University, unpublished) and the Embarras River below
Lake Charleston (K. Cummings, personal communication). There are also
records of this species from the southeastern part of Indiana
(presumably the Ohio River) (Courtenay et al. 1991; Simon et al. 1992)
and west fork of the White River in Greene County (Anonymous 2003); the
Des Moines and Chariton Rivers, Iowa (Iowa DNR 2003), White River at Hazelton (Caskey, pers. comm.) and the Wabash River (Thomas, pers. comm.); eastern rivers in Kansas
and some unspecified location(s) in Kansas (Rasmussen 1998; Courtenay
et al. 1991) (possibly the Missouri River); from the Ohio River, Clarks
River, and non-specific locations in Kentucky
(Pearson and Krumholz 1984; Burr and Warren 1986; Rasmussen 1998;
Thomas, pers. comm.; Henley, pers. comm.; Southern Illinois University;
Baxter, pers. comm.); from the lower Mississippi River and many
tributary sites in Louisiana
including the Atchafalaya, Red, Boeuf, Old, Ouachita, and Little river
drainages, LaFourche Canal, Miller Lake, and Loggy Bayou (Freeze and
Henderson 1982; Carp Task Force 1989; Douglas et al. 1996; Rasmussen
1998; F. Bryan and J. Hughes Little, pers. comm.); the Mississippi
River, Yazoo River, and Chotard Lake in Mississippi
(Mississippi Museum of Natural Science 2004; Schramm et al. 2004);
from the Mississippi and Missouri river mainstems and the Lamine and
Castor Rivers, Missouri
(Courtenay et al. 1991; Robinson 1995; Pflieger 1997; Rasmussen 1998;
Lien 2003), the Little River Ditches, Upper Mississippi-Cape Girardeau,
and The Sny drainages (Southern Illinois University), the Lower
Missouri-Moreau, Lower Grand, Lamine, Lower Osage drainages (Chapman,
pers. comm.); the Missouri River drainage and Elkhorn River Nebraska
(Nebraska Game and Parks 2000) and established in Boyer Chute National
Wildlife Refuge (USFWS 2005); the Missouri River up to Gavins Point Dam
(W. Stancill, pers. comm.), the Big Sioux River near Canton (T. St.
Sauver, pers. comm.), and the mouth of the James River (R. Klumb, pers.
comm.) in South Dakota. They also have been collected from a Mississippi River outflow in Tennessee (C. Saylor, personal communication; Etnier, pers. comm.) and McKellar Lake in Memphis (Baxter, pers. comm.).
This species has also been collected at golf course ponds at Dorado Beach Hotel in Puerto Rico (Erdman 1984).
Means of Introduction: This
species was imported and stocked for phytoplankton control in eutrophic
water bodies and also apparently as a food fish. It was first brought
into the United States in 1973 when a private fish farmer imported
silver carp into Arkansas (Freeze and Henderson 1982). By the mid 1970s
the silver carp was being raised at six state, federal, and private
facilities, and by the late 1970s it had been stocked in several
municipal sewage lagoons (Robison and Buchanan 1988). By 1980 the
species was discovered in natural waters, probably a result of escapes
from fish hatcheries and other types of aquaculture facilities (Freeze
and Henderson 1982). The occurrence of silver carp in the Ouachita River
of the Red River system in Louisiana was likely the result of an escape
from an aquaculture facility upstream in Arkansas (Freeze and Henderson
1982). The Florida introduction was probably a result of stock
contamination, a silver carp having been inadvertently released with a
stock of grass carp being used for aquatic plant control (Middlemas
1994). In a similar case, the species was apparently introduced
accidentally to an Arizona lake as part of an intentional, albeit
illegal, stock of diploid grass carp (W. Silvey, personal
communication). Pearson and Krumholz (1984) suggested that individuals
taken from the Ohio River may have come from plantings in local ponds or
entered the Ohio River from populations originally introduced in
Arkansas.
Status: Records
are available for 12 states. It is apparently established in Louisiana
(Douglas et al. 1996) and is possibly established in Illinois; silver
carp have been reported in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado,
Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee. Douglas et
al. (1996) collected more than 1600 larvae of this genus from a
backwater outlet of the Black River in Louisiana in 1994. Burr et al.
(1996) found young-of-the-year in a ditch near Horseshoe Lake and
reported this as the first evidence of successful spawning of silver
carp in Illinois waters and the United States. They felt that the
species would be `established' in the state within the next ten years.
Based on the occurrence of juvenile fish in Illinois waters, Pflieger
(1997) felt that successful spawning of silver carp in Missouri seems
inevitable. In the early 1980s commercial fishermen in Arkansas had
caught 166 silver carp from seven different sites; however, during an
intensive 1980-1981 survey to determine the distribution and status of
bighead and silver carp in state open waters, Arkansas Game and Fish
Commission personnel were unsuccessful in procuring any additional
specimens (Freeze and Henderson 1982). Although Arkansas state personnel
did not find young-of-the-year fish, several specimens taken by the
commercial fishermen were sexually mature and exhibited secondary sexual
characteristics (Freeze and Henderson 1982). Nevertheless, Robison and
Buchanan (1988) reported that there was still no evidence of natural
reproduction in Arkansas waters. Rinne (1995) listed silver carp as
introduced to Arizona in 1972 and denoted it as established. Apparently
in reference to the same record, William Silvey of the Arizona Game and
Fish Department recently informed us that the only silver carp
documented in Arizona open waters was a population inhabiting an urban
lake in Chandler during the early 1970s. However, further investigation
has shown that it was most likely a bighead x grass carp hybrid
population (P. Marsh, pers.comm.). That population, along with a large
population of diploid grass carp, was exterminated in 1975 or 1976 by
personnel from the Arizona Game and Fish Department and Arizona State
University (W. Silvey, personal communication). Pearson and Krumholz
(1984) documented records from the Ohio River, but they did not include
it as one of the species that exist in well-established, reproducing
populations. Etnier and Starnes (1993) provided information on silver
carp, but by publication they were unaware of any records of the species
in the state of Tennessee.
Impact of Introduction: Pflieger
(1997) considered the impact of this species difficult to predict
because of its place in the food web. In numbers, the silver carp has
the potential to cause enormous damage to native species because it
feeds on plankton required by larval fish and native mussels (Laird and
Page 1996). This species would also be a potential competitor with
adults of some native fishes, for instance, gizzard shad, that also rely
on plankton for food (Pflieger 1997). A study by Sampson et al. (2009)
found that Asian carp (silver and bighead carps) had dietary overlap
with gizzard shad and bigmouth buffalo, but not much of one with
paddlefish.
